Cloze Tests to Determine Reading Comprehension

When teachers wish to measure how well a student comprehends a reading passage, they often turn to Cloze tests. In a Cloze test, the teacher removes a certain number of words that the student then needs to fill in as they read through the passage. For example, a language arts teacher might have their students fill in the blanks for the following reading passage: _____ mother is upset with _____ because I got caught  _____ a rainstorm. Sadly, I ______ my umbrella at home. _____ clothes got soaked. I ______ I wont get sick. Students are then instructed to fill in the blanks for the passage. Teachers are able to use the student’s answers to determine the reading level of the passage. Why Readability Formulas Are Not Enough While readability formulas can tell teachers how complex a reading passage is based on vocabulary and grammar, it does not reveal how difficult a passage might be in terms of reading comprehension. For example: He waved his hands.He waived his rights. If you were to run these sentences through readability formulas, they would have similar scores. However, it is obvious that while students might easily understand the first sentence, they might not comprehend the legal implications of the second. Therefore, we need a method to help teachers measure how difficult a particular passage is for students to comprehend. History of the Cloze Test In 1953, Wilson L. Taylor researched closure tasks as a method to determine reading comprehension. What he found was that having students use context clues from the surrounding words to fill in the blanks as in the example above has a high correlation with how readable the passage is for the student. He called this procedure a Cloze Test. Over time, researchers  have tested the Cloze method and found that it does indeed indicate reading comprehension levels.   How to Create a Typical Cloze Test There are a number of methods that teachers use to create Cloze tests. Following is one of the most common methods used: Replace every fifth word with a blank. This is where the students are to fill in the missing word.Have students write only one word in each blank. They are to work through the test making sure to write a word for each missing word in the passage.Encourage students to guess as they go through the test.Tell students that they do not need to worry about spelling errors as these will not be counted against them. Once you have administered a Cloze test, you will need to ‘grade’ it. As you explained to your students, misspellings are to be ignored. You are only looking for how well students understood what words to use based on contextual clues. However, in most instances, you will only count an answer as correct if the student answers with the exact missing word. In the example above, the correct answers should be:   My mother is upset with me because I got caught  in a rainstorm. Sadly, I left my umbrella at home. My clothes got soaked. I hope I wont get sick. Teachers can count up the number of errors and assign a percentage score based on the number of words that the student guessed correctly. According to Nielsen, a score of 60% or more indicates reasonable comprehension on the part of the student. Using Cloze Tests There are a number of ways that teachers can use Cloze Tests. One of the most effective uses of these tests is to help them make decisions about reading passages that they will be assigning to their students. The Cloze procedure can help them determine what passages to assign students, how long to give them to read specific passages, and how much they can expect students to comprehend on their own without additional input from the teacher. Note, however, that Cloze tests are diagnostic. Since they are not standard assignments testing a student’s understanding of  the  material that has been taught, the student’s percentage score should not be used when figuring out their final grade for the course. Source Jakob Nielsen, Cloze Test for Reading Comprehension. Nielsen  Norman  Group, February 2011

The Global Consciousness Requires For Students Experience...

The article begins by introducing how students are growing up in a generation where changes in the environment, health, economy, and nuclear weapons are all happening at the same time. It questions the role of schools by how they are preparing the students to see themselves as being a part of the larger whole that includes the entire world, not just their neighborhood, community, or country. There is proven research that shows the global consciousness requiring that students experience a caring environment, have many opportunities to engage in, and develop skills like conflict resolution. The tools being offered can help schools teach academics on a larger content of serving the goals of global citizenship education. It implies that we are living and educating our children in an extraordinary time in history, our children are growing up in an interdependent world. The question this article bases itself around is â€Å"What does it take for young people to see themselves as part of a larger whole that includes not just their neighborhood, community or country, but the world?† The challenge faced is that there is a huge gap between rich and poor in the United States. For example, one out of five American children lives in poverty (Children’s Defense Fund 2002). In a society like ours, the stress of the families always falls onto the children, unfairly. James Garbino (1995) calls this a â€Å"socially toxic environment†. In the past, schools were more a place that would help studentsShow MoreRelatedDiveristy1030 Words   |  5 PagesCapellan PI: 2647577 Assignment 2 – Chapters 5 thru 9 Journal CHAPTER 5 1. If students sit in the same classroom, read the same assignments, and hear the same lectures, are they all receiving the same education? Might these students interpret the same lesson differently because of the social worlds in which they live? 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Heare Student ID# 284890 Project Instructor Dr. Robert Weltzer April 17, 2009 CHAPTER I DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM Introduction Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, and Traumatic Brain Injury, TBI have become an ever increasing problem in the military since the inception of the Global War on Terrorism. All too often Soldiers are misdiagnosed, given medication for depression and sent backRead MoreSystem Thinking and Action Research2891 Words   |  12 Pages Susan M Ross Dr. Tyler Zerwekh September 15, 2012 Abstract Public health practices and policies are largely influenced by the population involved and seek to improve the overall health of the public. Achieving success in systems thinking requires making strategic decisions about what processes will best achieve the public health goals. Systems Theory Information Technology Systems Theory evaluates the relationship between information systems, and information technology, and people. 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Nurse Retention and Productivity Report †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nurse Retention and Productivity Report. Answer: Introduction A motivated, skilled and knowledgeable workforce is the critical aspects of the providing the healthcare to the population of any country. Health workforce is the personnel that provide the healthcare services like the nurses, doctors, and the ones that work to provide support to the health services like the ambulance drivers, hospitals managers and the skilled health workers. The major hindrances in the smooth flow of the healthcare delivery are lack of the proper workforce along with the inadequate facilities, medicines, consumables, equipment (Leach, 2013). The health system budget includes the 3 main vital demands like the consumables, physical capital and human resources (WHO, 2018). This study is based on the completion of the nursing workforce data of 2015 with respect to the data of 2012 and 2009; the other tasks involve the environmental scan of the Australian nursing workforce; the geographic distribution of the workforce and the comment on the recommendations of the nursin g workforce sustainability report. The updated workforce of the profile of the nursing workforce in Australia with respect to the year 2009, 2012, 2015 are as follows: Note: FTE means full-time equivalent for 38-hour week Table 1a: characteristics of the workforce with respect to the registered nurses [source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018] Workforce characteristic 2009 2012 2015 Headcount 225,040 238,520 256,034 FTE nurses 198,924 212,659 225,344 FTE per 100,000 population 905.9 936.4 947.6 Male population 9.8 10.4 10.9 Average age (years) 44.2 44.3 43.4 Proportion aged 50+ (%) - 37.7 39.0 Table 1b: characteristic of the workforce of the enrolled nurses [source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018] Workforce characteristic 2009 2012 2015 Headcount 51,711 51,624 51,070 FTE nurses 43,614 42,467 46,753 FTE per 100,000 population 198.2 187.0 196.6 Male population 8.9 9.2 9.4 Average age (years) 44.9 46.0 45.9 Proportion aged 50+ (%) - 45.5 39.0 Table 1c: characteristic of the workforce of the employed nurses [source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018] Workforce characteristic 2009 2012 2015 Headcount 276,751 290,144 307,104 FTE nurses 242,521 255,174 270,548 FTE per 100,000 population 1,104 1,123 1,137 Male population 9.6 10.2 10.7 Average age (years) 44.3 44.6 44.4 Proportion aged 50+ (%) 36.3 39.1 39.0 Through the addition of the more recent material, it has been found that the headcount of the registered nurses for the year 2015 has increased considerably with respect to the year 2009 and 2012. The headcount for the year 2015 is found to be 256,034 which is a big jump from the headcount of the nurses for the year 2012 (238,520). This is an increase of 7.34 percent with respect to 2012. The full-time equivalent nurses for the year 2015 has increased with respect to the year 2009 and 2012. The data presents that the number of the FTE nurses has increased by 5.9 percent with respect to the year 2012. The FTE nurses for the year 2015 has shown an increase with respect to the year 2009 and 2012. The increase has been 1.19 percentage over data mentioned for the year 2012. The percentage of the male population has increased by only a mere 10.89 percent. The average years of the of the nurses have reduced from 44.3 to 43.3 from the year 2012 to 2015. The reduction in the average age is 2. 03 percent in comparison to the year 2012. The proportion of the nurse above the age of 50 years is 39% it has shown an increase with respect to the data of 2012. This implicates nursing population is ageing with respect to the Australian nursing workforce. The characteristics of the workforce with respect to the enrolled nurses. The headcount has reduced when the data of 2015 is compared with that of 2012. The data for the year 2015 is 51,070 and the headcount data for the year 2012 is 51,624. The FTE nurses for the year 2015 is showing a positive increase with respect to the data of the year 2012. The number of the FTE nurse for the year shows 196.6 while that of 2012 is 187. The male population for the year 2015 shows a slight increase of 9.4 with respect to the year 2012 which shows 9.2 percent. The average age of the nurses has again reduced for the year 2015, from 46 to 45.9 years. The proportion of the nurses that are aged above the 50 years is 39 percent in 2015 and this has reduced in comparison to the year 2012. The reduction in the age shows that the proportion of the aged nurses is reducing in the enrolled nurse's section. The characteristic of the workforce of the total employed nurses has shown an increase in the total number of the nurses for the year 2015 in comparison to the year 2012. The headcount number show 307,104 nurses. The FTE nurses have also increased from 255,174 for the year 2012 to 270,548 for the year 2015. The FTE nurse per 100,000 populations has also shown an increase for the year 2015 (1137) with respect to the year 2012 (1123). The percentage of the male population has increased for the year 2015 which is 10.7 percent in comparison to the male population for the year 2012 (10.2). the average age has shown a decrease for the year 2015 (44.4) with respect to the year 2012 (44.6). the proportion of the 50 years and above aged nurse is 39 percent and the percentage has slightly reduced with respect to the 39.1 percent for the year 2012. The workforce supplies according to the workforce characteristics shown a positive increase both in terms of the registered and the enrolled nurses. The female-dominated nursing workforce also shows an increase. Especially the FTE nurses in both the enrolled and the registered nurse for the year 2015 is 46,753 and 225,344 respectively. The workforce of the nurse has revealed that the workforce planning is necessary to meet the ling and the short-term demands of the of the Australian nurses. The analysis has shown that the demand for the nurses will significantly rise and the supply will be insufficient. The projections have shown that there will be a shortfall of the around 85 thousand nurses by the year 2025, and by 2030 as more as 123,000 nurses will be required. These predictions are based on the current settings. The projections of the shortfall for the year 2025 is actually lower in comparison to the report published in the Health Workforce (HW) 2025 (Health Workforce 2025, 2018; McCarty Fenech, 2013). The Heath Workforce 2025 projects that there will be a shortcoming of 109,000 nurses in the year 2025 which is considered under the current scenario. Australias Future Health Workforce (AFHW)-Nurses reveal that the nurses that were used for the prediction of the Health Workforce 2025 are more willing to stay in the workforce than it is expected. There exists a lower demand for the nurses in the acute care in the AFHW (2.6 percentage) and in the HW 2025 (2.2 percent) (AFHW, 2018). This reveals a lower demand in the workforce in this particular sector. The lower retention rates in the rural hospitals in comparison to the metropolitan areas have resulted in the reduction of the nurses due to the resignation (Bragg Bonner, 2015; Huntington et al., 2012). The highest percentage of the registered nurse is 46% and enrolled nurse is 38% in the acute sector. Accordingly, the second highest percentage of the nursing workforce is seen in the other nursing sectors and the percentage is 22 percent. The second highest number of the enrolled nurses is seen in the aged care sector (appendix 1). The nursing workforce and its geographic distribution show data which varies spatially across the states and the territories. The FTE nurses per 100,000 for the Northern Territory is 1534 and for the New South Wales, it is 1036. If the data are compared to that of 2011, then the FTE per 100,000 populations for Northern Territory and New South Wales is 1504 and 993 respectively (Appendix 2). The FTE per 100,000 populations with respect to the remote areas is 1219 and is 1083 for the outer regions. The percentage of the nurse in the regional and the inner areas is more than 20% and the enrolled nurse's proportion in Australia is 15.8%. Comparatively, the enrolled nurse's percentage in the remote areas is very low and is only 12.1% (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018). The highlights of the Nursing Workforce Sustainability Report cite the major recommendations which are as follows: Leadership- leadership in the field of nursing is important for bringing improvement in the performance, retention of the workforce and increasing the productivity. In order to promote effective leadership, the nurse managers need to be equipped for the purpose of empowerment and encouragement. Retention- The new graduates must be helped to meet the standards and the goals along with the necessary skill sets so that the workforce retention can be increased. Productivity- the environment of the workplace needs to be improved so that the existing skills and the roles of the nurses meet the local needs (Nursing Workforce Sustainability, 2018). Considering the year 2018, the recommendation is still valid because nursing values and work are all based on the nursing leadership, productivity that promotes better health outcomes and the retention of the nurse so that the workforce stays intact. The recommendations are the bedrock and foundation of the nursing field and this is the reason their validity not reduce (Duckett Willcox, 2015). Conclusion From the study, it can be concluded that currently, Australia is facing challenges in the field of nursing due to the lack of the nursing workforce. The healthcare demand has increased considerably due to the ageing population of the workforce and this can be done by increasing the workforce of the nursing. Reference Bragg, S., Bonner, A. (2015). Losing the rural nursing workforce: Lessons learnt from resigning nurses. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 23(6), 366-370. Health Workforce 2025. (2018). Department of Health | Appendix ii: Health Workforce 2025 - summary. Health.gov.au. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/work-review-australian-government-health-workforce-programs-toc~appendices~appendix-ii-health-workforce-2025-summary Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Nursing and midwifery workforce 2015, Who are nurses and midwives? - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/workforce/nursing-and-midwifery-workforce-2015/contents/who-are-nurses-and-midwives Nursing Workforce Sustainability. (2018). Department of Health | Nursing Workforce Sustainability - Improving Nurse Retention and Productivity report. Health.gov.au. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/nursing-workforce-sustainability-improving-nurse-retention-and-productivity Huntington, A., Gilmour, J., Neville, S., Kellett, S., Turner, C. (2012). A glimpse of the future nursing workforce: the graduate e-cohort study. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The, 29(3), 22. McCarty, M. V., Fenech, B. J. (2013). Towards best practice in national health workforce planning. The Medical journal of Australia, 199(5), 10-13. Leach, M. J. (2013). Profile of the complementary and alternative medicine workforce across Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United States and United Kingdom. Complementary therapies in medicine, 21(4), 364-378. Duckett, S., Willcox, S. (2015). The Australian health care system (No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. WHO. (2018). WHO | Health workforce. Who.int. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/workforce/en/ AFHW. (2018). Health.gov.au. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/34AA7E6FDB8C16AACA257D9500112F25/$File/AFHW%20-%20Nurses%20overview%20report.pdf

The Killer In Your Yard Essay Research free essay sample

The Killer In Your Yard Essay, Research Paper Whenever the topic of pesticides comes up, it # 8217 ; s easy to indicate a finger at husbandmans. But we householders, with our manicured lawns and alien flower gardens, have nil to be smug about. Each twelvemonth we pour about 136 million lbs of pesticides on our places, lawns, and gardens, which amounts to three times more per acre than the mean husbandman applies. In fact, most of the wildlife pesticide toxic conditions reported to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency consequence from place usage. Harmonizing to the EPA # 8217 ; s wildlife mortality incident database, merely three of the chemicals normally used in the garden and place # 8211 ; diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and brodifacoum # 8211 ; kill 1000s of birds each twelvemonth. In the early 1990s two California metropolitan countries # 8211 ; the City of Davis and cardinal Contra Costa County # 8211 ; discovered degrees of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, high plenty to harm aquatic beings, in their storm-water systems. We will write a custom essay sample on The Killer In Your Yard Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After proving, functionaries in both topographic points determined that the greatest beginning of pesticides in local surface Waterss was single-family places. # 8220 ; Chlorpyrifos is really prevailing, # 8221 ; says Jacques DeBra, pollution bar plan director with the City of Davis Public Works Department. # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s like cut downing the lawn. Peoples have been utilizing it for old ages. It # 8217 ; s difficult to acquire them to look at alternatives. # 8221 ; Curiously plenty, both diazinon and chlorpyrifos ( see chart, below ) , because of their high toxicity to birds and wildlife, run into the Environmental Protection Agency # 8217 ; s standards for # 8220 ; restricted usage, # 8221 ; which means that they require a license and preparation to buy. The Rachel Carson Council petitioned the EPA to upgrade the label for diazinon in 1997 and last twelvemonth requested that the usage of chlorpyrifos be banned around homes. When and where pesticides are used is besides critical. The bulk of bird putting to deaths occur in February in southern provinces, whe re the early growth season and spring migration coincide, followed by March, May, and April, the months when birds every bit good as nurserymans are on the move. Birds with the highest hazard of exposure include water bird, such as brant geese, which have been known to eat big measures of pesticide-treated leaf. Seed-eating songsters, because they are attracted to pesticide granules and treated seeds, are besides at high hazard. A 3rd hard-hit group includes scavengers every bit good as bird of preies such as red-tailed hawks or great-horned bird of Minerva, which frequently feed on pesticide-poisoned quarry. To assist cut down the pesticide menace, the National Audubon Society has launched BirdCast, a concerted plan with Cornell University # 8217 ; s Laboratory of Ornithology, Clemson University # 8217 ; s Radar Ornithology Laboratory, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Geo-Marine, a private technology house. Using state-of-the-art NEXRAD radio detection and ranging and studies from citizen-scientists, the plan will utilize the Internet to post elaborate radio detection and ranging images of bird migrations in the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. , metropolitan countries. The site ( www.BirdSource.org/Birdcast/ ) will state what pesticides to avoid during peak migrations and how to do your backyard more hospitable to birds. The site will besides supply information on local plague menaces and the safest ways to pull off them. More of import, 1000s of bird watchers will acquire the opportunity to lend to the undertaking by verifying the species that visit their backyards or favourite birding musca volitanss. They will so be able to come in their sightings into a database and see running runs of species about immediately. Kicking the pesticide wont isn # 8217 ; t mission impossible. Just inquire one of the state # 8217 ; s more than 6,000 certified organic husbandmans, or the City of Arcata, California, which, after 15 old ages of utilizing atoxic plague controls, banned all pesticide usage on metropolis belongings as of this past February.

Dumont Surname Meaning and Family History

Dumont Surname Meaning and Family History Dumont is a French topographical surname meaning from the mountain, from the Old French du mont, meaning of the mount. Dumont is the 46th most common last name in France. Dumond is a common variant. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings: DUMOND, DUMONTE, DUMONDE, DUMONTET Famous People with the Surname Dumont Alberto Santos-Dumont -  Brazilian aviation pioneerEleanore Dumont  - one of the first known professional blackjack players in America; known by the pseudonym Madame MoustacheJean-Franà §ois-Benjamin  Dumont  de Montigny - officer in the French colonial military; Louisiana historianAllen Balcom DuMont - American electronics engineer,  scientist  and  inventorGabriel Dumont  - Canadian indigenous leader of the Mà ©tis peopleJules Dumont dUrville  - French naval officer and explorerMargaret Dumont (born Daisy Juliette Baker) - American stage and film actress Where the Dumont  Surname Is Most Common According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Dumont surname is most prevalent in France, where it ranks 57th most common in the nation, but there are more Dumonts in Belgium (ranked 40th) based on the percentage of the population. Dumont is also fairly common in other countries with French-speaking populations, such as Canada (342nd) and the Ivory Coast (432nd). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate the Dumont surname is especially common along the border of France and Belgium, including the French regions of Picardie, Haute-Normandie, and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, plus the Belgium region of Wallonie. Dumont is also somewhat common in Luxembourg, Canada, and Switzerland. As it is of French origin, Dumont is also fairly prevalent in Quebec, Canada, as well as the U.S. states of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Dumont French Surname Meanings and Origins: Does your last name have origins in France? Learn about the various origins of French surnames and explore the meanings of some of the most common French last names.How to Research French Ancestry: Learn about the various types of genealogical records available for researching ancestors in France and how to access them, plus how to locate where in France your ancestors originated.Dumont Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Dumont  family crest or coat of arms for the Dumont surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.DUMONT  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Dumont  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Dumont query.FamilySearch - DUMONT Genealogy: Explore over 700,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Dumont surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - DUMONT  Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Dumont.GeneaNet - Dumont  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Dumont surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Dumont Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Dumont  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Alexander - Movie Historical Accuracy

Alexander Movie Historical Accuracy Essay Alexander the Great Who is Alexander and why is he so great? Born in Pella in 356 BC (Central Macedonia, Greece) Alexander was one of the most successful military commanders in history, winning his first battle at the age of 16. By the age of 20 he was the king of his homeland Macedonia succeeding his father Philip II after he was assassinated. By 25 Alexander had conquered the known world (from Greece, Egypt to Pakistan). British Historian Tom Holland described him as ‘the ultimate conqueror’ The Film The film is based on Alexander the Great, the military commander and King of Macedonia, and his life experiences, hardships and triumphs. Directed by Oliver Stone, the cast included Colin Farrell, Anthony Hopkins, Angelina Jolie, Val Kilmer and Jared Leto and was shot in locations such as England, Morocco and Thailand. Overall the historical action film received poor ratings. 16% from Rotten Tomatoes, 2/4 from Roger Ebert, 5.5/10 from IMDb and 39% from Metacritic. Bucephalus Alexander commemorated his conquests by naming over 70 military forts Alexandria, after himself and 1 Bucephala for his horse Bucephalus. Bucephalus originally was strong and untameable by even King Phillips best riders however a 13 year old Alexander tames the stallion, realising the horse is afraid of its own shadow he turns it towards the sun. Bucephalus served Alexander in numerous battles but died due to fatal injuries at the Battle of the Hydaspes (June 326 BC). The film captures the taming and death of Bucephalus perfectly according to historical accounts in 344 BC. Ptolemy The film begins with Ptolemy as he narrates Alexanders story, reciting his memories to a scribe in Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy (367 BC – c. 283 BC) actually fought alongside Alexander in his conquests as a Macedonian general and became ruler of Egypt in 323 BC. In the film Ptolemy refers to the hero as â€Å"Alexander the Great,† however history shows that the â€Å"Great† was not added until much later, in Roman times. Alexanders Parents Stone recreated the scarred right eye of Alexanders father, Philip II as he lost his eye to a Greek arrow during the siege of Methone in 354B.C. Alexanders mother Olympias convinced Alexander that Phillip was not his father and that he was the son of Zeus himself, when one night in the form of a snake he impregnated her. Angelina Jolie’s portrayal is very historically similar to Olympias, who was the fourth of Philips seven wives and was believed to kill Philip or hire someone to kill him in 336 BC. Battle Scene Alexander had to fight the battle of Granicus, Siege of Tyre, Issus and Gaugamela to eventually beat King Darius however the film only has 1 battle which is actually an amalgamation of two battles fought between the them (Gaugamela and Issus). The Macedonian military equipment seen in the battle was accurately reproduced due to the director’s historical consultant Fiona Greenland, an oxford graduate. However in the film, Alexander wore a lions-head helmet. According to Plutarch, Alexander wore a burnished iron helmet molded for him by the Greek craftsman Theophilus. Stone apparently decided to fashion a battle helmet based on later representation of Alexander as Heracles. Additionally there is an outstanding representation of the Macedonian infantry phalanx wielding their 17ft long spears. Before the Battle Before the battle, Alexander says to the Macedonians â€Å"for the glory of Greece.† Ancient sources however write that Alexander didn’t fight for Greece but for Macedonia. Three ancient historians detailed Alexander’s speech to the army before the battle and each one of them made a clear distinction between Greeks, Macedonians, Thracians and Illyrians as four distinct civilizations that made Alexanders army. This created confusion throughout Oliver Stone’s film whether the people from Macedon differed from other Greeks. Ironically the film synopsis indicates a distinction between Macedonians and Greeks. It reads: â€Å"Alexander led his virtually invincible Greek and Macedonian troops.† http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-the-great-9180468 http://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/alexander-the-great http://www.ancient.eu/Alexander_the_Great/ http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/alexanderdeath.htm http://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/472665667520/secret-life-of-alexander-the-great https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great https://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/papers/AIA_Alexander_Review.pdf http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=1601 http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AlexanderOliverStone.html http://www.moviemistakes.com/film4636/corrections https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(2004_film) https://prezi.com/i_s3bsfd388w/was-the-movie-alexander-the-great-historically-accurate-and/ https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070520132655AAvGt9v http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0346491/ Books: Jennifer Lawlwss Unlocking the past: Preliminary Studies in the Ancient World (1996) Jennifer Lawlwss Unlocking the past: 2nd Edition Toni Hurley Antiquity textbook Louise Chipley Slavicek Heroes and Villains: Alexander the Great (2005) Michael Wood In the footsteps of Alexander the Great (2001) Laura Foreman – The epic story of the warrior king Alexander the Conqueror Steven Pressfield The Virtues of War: A Novel of Alexander the Great (2004) Paul Anthony Cartledge Alexander the Great (2004) Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprià ¨re Hammond The Genius of Alexander the Great (1997) Michael Alvear Alexander the Great: The Man Who Brought the World to Its Knees (2004)

California Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

California Dream - Essay Example The history of the notion traces its roots in late 19th century, when California was considered to be the golden state of America, as it literally had huge golden resources, which led to the California Gold Rash of 1848-1855 (Brands 103).Hence, bunches of immigrants flew to California, hoping to gain easy wealth and live happily ever after. Since then the name of California became closely related to the image of smooth happy life with wealth and prosperity. California Dream initially meant the life that Americans strived to achieve, because they believed that moving to California would mean constant luck and prosperity. One of the important reasons why California was considered to be a heaven on earth is because California is a state rich for resources, pleasant climate, and multiple job opportunities. In some time the original term was slightly changed and transformed in people’s minds. As far as California was rapidly growing, multiple industries have appeared in the state. They include film production of Hollywood, the Silicon Valley with its enormous technological development, California wine industry etc. The brand new industries created new job places and vast career opportunities. The image of California that used to be engaged with golden resources turned into the image of California as a state of the most ambitious and wealthy industries possible. Hence, California has preserved its image of America’s golden state, as it is still a pleasant region for many people who believe that living in California makes people more successful and happier. Although people are not coming to California looking for placer gold mines, working in such industries as filmmaking and Silicon Valley’s progressive technological area for most people means a constant resource of pleasure, glory, and money. This is the reason why the concept of California dream has become so popular in American mass culture, as